The role of skin and gut microbiome in atopic dermatitis

In the last decade, there has been an increase case of atopic dermatitis (AD) worldwide. AD is a type of disease with chronic inflammation of the skin characterized by mild to severe itching, recurrent, and mostly occurred in infancy and childhood. There were some substantial data of patients with AD that have been disturbed and less diverse skin and gut microbes than healthy individuals. In the skin microbiome, AD is known to possess a larger percentage of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) than healthy individuals. In addition, the population of Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, and Escherichia coli in the gastrointestinal tract of patients with AD is higher than normal individuals, whereas the population of Bifidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Bacteroides are experiencing a decrease. The AD will be prevented or treated if there is a balance in the skin and gut microbiome. It seems to underlie the benefit of probiotic in AD management.