TY - JOUR
T1 - The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in human milk
T2 - A systematic review, meta-analysis, and health risk assessment
AU - Neshat, Aliasghar
AU - Oghazyan, Ali
AU - Kariminejad, Fatemeh
AU - Mahmudiono, Trias
AU - Fakhri, Yadolah
AU - Sheikh Asadi, Amir Mohammad
AU - Atamaleki, Ali
AU - Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported by Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Sciences [Ethical code: IR.ESFARAYENUMS.REC.1400.020 ].
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier Inc.
PY - 2023/1
Y1 - 2023/1
N2 - Human milk has an important role in infants' psychological and immunological development. In addition to providing vital substances, some environmental contaminants, such as potentially toxic elements (PTEs), can be transmitted by human breast milk to infants. However, some studies monitored PTEs concentration in human breast milk; no metanalysis was conducted to estimate the concentration of PTEs in human breast milk. Therefore, this review aimed to determine PTEs concentrations in human breast milk and consumption-related health effects worldwide via meta-analysis and health risk assessment. After searching among Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases, 32 studies were included in this work. Based on the results, the rank order of PTEs was Fe (258.44 µg/kg) > Zn (205.16 µg/kg) > Cu (32.29 µg/kg) > Mn (4.30 µg/kg) > Cr (2.62 µg/kg) > Hg (0.44 µg/kg) > As (0.21 µg/kg) > Cd (0.16 µg/kg) > Pb (0.03 µg/kg). Moreover, Egypt, Pakistan, Brazil, Jordan, and Turkey for non-carcinogenic risk (n-CR) and Egypt, Jordan, Brazil, and Romania for carcinogenic risk (CR) have shown unsafe levels, respectively. Since the lactating mothers’ diet can directly affect their milk's content, monitoring the feeding behavior (especially supplements taken during pregnancy) and the quality of foods is recommended.
AB - Human milk has an important role in infants' psychological and immunological development. In addition to providing vital substances, some environmental contaminants, such as potentially toxic elements (PTEs), can be transmitted by human breast milk to infants. However, some studies monitored PTEs concentration in human breast milk; no metanalysis was conducted to estimate the concentration of PTEs in human breast milk. Therefore, this review aimed to determine PTEs concentrations in human breast milk and consumption-related health effects worldwide via meta-analysis and health risk assessment. After searching among Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases, 32 studies were included in this work. Based on the results, the rank order of PTEs was Fe (258.44 µg/kg) > Zn (205.16 µg/kg) > Cu (32.29 µg/kg) > Mn (4.30 µg/kg) > Cr (2.62 µg/kg) > Hg (0.44 µg/kg) > As (0.21 µg/kg) > Cd (0.16 µg/kg) > Pb (0.03 µg/kg). Moreover, Egypt, Pakistan, Brazil, Jordan, and Turkey for non-carcinogenic risk (n-CR) and Egypt, Jordan, Brazil, and Romania for carcinogenic risk (CR) have shown unsafe levels, respectively. Since the lactating mothers’ diet can directly affect their milk's content, monitoring the feeding behavior (especially supplements taken during pregnancy) and the quality of foods is recommended.
KW - Carcinogenic risk
KW - Food safety
KW - Health risk assessment
KW - Human milk
KW - Potentially toxic elements (PTEs)
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85139244566&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104933
DO - 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104933
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85139244566
SN - 0889-1575
VL - 115
JO - Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
JF - Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
M1 - 104933
ER -
