Temperature-dependent energy storage performance of La₂O₃-doped(1−x) Bi_0.5(Na_0.84K_0.16)_0.5TiO₃–xSrTiO₃ multifunctional ceramics for piezoelectric sensor applications

In this work, La₂O₃-doped (1 − x) Bi _0.5(Na_0.84K_0.16)_0.5TiO₃–xSrTiO₃ ceramics where x varies from 0.000 to 0.030 mol%, synthesized by solid-state reaction technique. The La₂O₃-doped BNKT–ST ceramics exhibit pure perovskite structures with a tetragonal (P4bm) phase structure. Computational structural properties of ceramics were computed VESTA program. The surface morphology of average grain size has decreased with increasing the substitution of La₂O₃ ions into the BNKT–ST ceramics. A decrease in the remnant polarization and the coercive field with an increase in the La₂O₃ concentration is attributed to the change in long-range ferroelectric order. When the La₂O₃ amount up to 0.020 mol%, doped samples show good piezoelectric coefficient (d ₃₃) exhibiting a maximum of ~ 187 pC/N. The prepared sample shows an energy storage density and efficiency of 0.90 J/cm³ and η (70%) at 0.97BNKT-0.030ST composition. La₂O₃-doped BNKT–ST ceramic optimistic application prospects in the field of high-power density energy storage capacitor and piezoelectric sensor applications. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]