TY - JOUR
T1 - Simultaneous removal of ibuprofen, organic material, and nutrients from domestic wastewater through a pilot-scale vertical sub-surface flow constructed wetland with aeration system
AU - AL Falahi, Osama Abrahiem
AU - Abdullah, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh
AU - Hasan, Hassimi Abu
AU - Othman, Ahmad Razi
AU - Ewadh, Hind Mufeed
AU - Al-Baldawi, Israa Abdulwahab
AU - Kurniawan, Setyo Budi
AU - Imron, Muhammad Fauzul
AU - Ismail, Nur Izzati
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) and the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia through FRGS/1/2019/TK02/UKM/01/1 research grant. The authors also deliver gratitude to Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian pada Masyarakat (LPPM) Universitas Airlangga through international research collaboration (grant no. 786/UN3.15/PT/2021) for sponsoring this publication.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2021/10
Y1 - 2021/10
N2 - Pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater are currently becoming emerging concern as the utilization of drugs in anthropogenic activities. This research analyzed the effectiveness of pilot-scale vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland (VSSFCW) planted with Scirpus grossus using an aeration system for simultaneous removal of ibuprofen, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nutrients (NH3-N, NO3-N, and PO4-P) from domestic wastewater. The constructed wetland (CW) platforms (500 L capacity) filled with gravel and sand and planted with native species of S. grossus were used to treat pharmaceutical content in domestic wastewater continuously for 21 days. Three experiments were performed with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3, 4 and 5 days. Aeration rates of 0, 1, and 2 L/min were employed for each HRT. The combined effect of HRT, exposure period, and aeration to simultaneously remove ibuprofen, organic materials, and nutrients were examined statistically using Two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. Filtration and adsorption mechanisms of ibuprofen compound by sand medium matrix were proven to occur using solid phase extraction method. The removal efficiency of ibuprofen and COD were dependent on the applied aeration and HRT (p < 0.05). A longer HRT increased the removal efficiency of ibuprofen, while it did not significantly affect the nutrient removal (p ≥ 0.05). The VSSFCW under 2 L/min aeration and HRT of 5 days has removed 99.3% of ibuprofen, 88.2% of COD, 99.1% of ammonia, 72.9% of nitrate-nitrogen, and 83.2% of orthophosphate with effluent successfully met the effluent Standard B set by Malaysian Government. Therefore, the VSSFCW planted with S. grossus becomes a technically feasible method for treating sewage containing pharmaceutical compounds.
AB - Pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater are currently becoming emerging concern as the utilization of drugs in anthropogenic activities. This research analyzed the effectiveness of pilot-scale vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland (VSSFCW) planted with Scirpus grossus using an aeration system for simultaneous removal of ibuprofen, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nutrients (NH3-N, NO3-N, and PO4-P) from domestic wastewater. The constructed wetland (CW) platforms (500 L capacity) filled with gravel and sand and planted with native species of S. grossus were used to treat pharmaceutical content in domestic wastewater continuously for 21 days. Three experiments were performed with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3, 4 and 5 days. Aeration rates of 0, 1, and 2 L/min were employed for each HRT. The combined effect of HRT, exposure period, and aeration to simultaneously remove ibuprofen, organic materials, and nutrients were examined statistically using Two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. Filtration and adsorption mechanisms of ibuprofen compound by sand medium matrix were proven to occur using solid phase extraction method. The removal efficiency of ibuprofen and COD were dependent on the applied aeration and HRT (p < 0.05). A longer HRT increased the removal efficiency of ibuprofen, while it did not significantly affect the nutrient removal (p ≥ 0.05). The VSSFCW under 2 L/min aeration and HRT of 5 days has removed 99.3% of ibuprofen, 88.2% of COD, 99.1% of ammonia, 72.9% of nitrate-nitrogen, and 83.2% of orthophosphate with effluent successfully met the effluent Standard B set by Malaysian Government. Therefore, the VSSFCW planted with S. grossus becomes a technically feasible method for treating sewage containing pharmaceutical compounds.
KW - Emerging contaminants
KW - Pharmaceutical
KW - Scirpus grossus
KW - VSSFCW
KW - Wastewater treatment
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85110734399&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102214
DO - 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102214
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85110734399
SN - 2214-7144
VL - 43
JO - Journal of Water Process Engineering
JF - Journal of Water Process Engineering
M1 - 102214
ER -