Recent advances in amino acid-based electrode fabrication strategies for enhanced electrochemical detection of metal ions

This review article focuses on various fabrication strategies that utilize amino acids (AAs) in the creation of electrochemical sensors designed for the detection of heavy metals (HMs). AAs possess unique characteristics that make them valuable materials for sensing heavy metal ions (HMIs). The article delves into how AAs are incorporated into sensor designs and their interactions with HMIs. It places particular emphasis on a range of electrode modification methods, including drop casting, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), electropolymerization, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The article provides a comprehensive discussion of the preparation procedures, mechanisms, as well as the advantages and disadvantages associated with each approach. Furthermore, it explores the emerging insights into combining AAs with both organic and inorganic materials, highlighting their synergistic effects in sensing applications. Throughout the review, the challenges and opportunities in the development of electrochemical sensors are spotlighted, with the ultimate goal of advancing next-generation sensors that can make a meaningful impact on modern society.