Psychological disorder as burning mouth syndrome risk factor: A review

Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a chronic condition characterized by a burning sensation in the oral mucosa especially tongue. Women experience BMS more often than men in the ratio of 7: 1 with an average age of 40 to 85 years. The prevalence of BMS in the general population reaches 0.5-5%. There are several specific factors that can trigger the emergence of BMS, but most BMS are often associated with individual psychological factors. The purpose of this review literature is to summarize the research regarding the relationship between BMS and psychological factors. Based on previous research, it was found that people with BMS tend to be aggravated by the psychological conditions of individuals such as endless anxiety, these conditions cause some nerve dysfunction associated with pain in BMS. Lingual mucosa shows a decrease in the number of small-diameter nerve fibers; The remaining small diameter nerve fibers show upregulation of subfamily ion channels that are part of a transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1), and P2X3 receptor upregulation and nerve growth factor (NGF). The TRPV1 channel is mostly found in the nociceptive terminal peripheral Aδ and C fibers, but is also concentrated in the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. This triggers a chemical irritation response. P2X3 ion channel receptors expressed by the primary nociceptor subpopulation of small diameter in the trigeminal nervous system also play a role. These receptors are activated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), that can lead to burning sensation. From the results of the following explanation, it can be concluded that psychological factors may affect BMS.