TY - JOUR
T1 - Predictors of COVID-19 severity
T2 - a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]
AU - Mudatsir, Mudatsir
AU - Fajar, Jonny Karunia
AU - Wulandari, Laksmi
AU - Soegiarto, Gatot
AU - Ilmawan, Muhammad
AU - Purnamasari, Yeni
AU - Mahdi, Bagus Aulia
AU - Jayanto, Galih Dwi
AU - Suhendra, Suhendra
AU - Setianingsih, Yennie Ayu
AU - Hamdani, Romi
AU - Suseno, Daniel Alexander
AU - Agustina, Kartika
AU - Naim, Hamdan Yuwafi
AU - Muchlas, Muchamad
AU - Alluza, Hamid Hunaif Dhofi
AU - Rosida, Nikma Alfi
AU - Mayasari, Mayasari
AU - Mustofa, Mustofa
AU - Hartono, Adam
AU - Aditya, Richi
AU - Prastiwi, Firman
AU - Meku, Fransiskus Xaverius
AU - Sitio, Monika
AU - Azmy, Abdullah
AU - Santoso, Anita Surya
AU - Nugroho, Radhitio Adi
AU - Gersom, Camoya
AU - Rabaan, Ali A.
AU - Masyeni, Sri
AU - Nainu, Firzan
AU - Wagner, Abram L.
AU - Dhama, Kuldeep
AU - Harapan, Harapan
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021. Mudatsir M et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - Background: The unpredictability of the progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be attributed to the low precision of the tools used to predict the prognosis of this disease. Objective: To identify the predictors associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Methods: Relevant articles from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, andWeb of Science were searched as of April 5, 2020. The quality of the included papers was appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). Data of interest were collected and evaluated for their compatibility for the meta-analysis. Cumulative calculations to determine the correlation and effect estimates were performed using the Z test. Results: In total, 19 papers recording 1,934 mild and 1,644 severe cases of COVID-19 were included. Based on the initial evaluation, 62 potential risk factors were identified for the meta-analysis. Several comorbidities, including chronic respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension were observed more frequent among patients with severe COVID-19 than with the mild ones. Compared to the mild form, severe COVID-19 was associated with symptoms such as dyspnea, anorexia, fatigue, increased respiratory rate, and high systolic blood pressure. Lower levels of lymphocytes and hemoglobin; elevated levels of leukocytes, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, high-sensitivity troponin, creatine kinase, highsensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, D-dimer, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, and procalcitonin; and a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate were also associated with severe COVID-19. Conclusion: More than 30 risk factors are associated with a higher risk of severe COVID-19. These may serve as useful baseline parameters in the development of prediction tools for COVID-19 prognosis.
AB - Background: The unpredictability of the progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be attributed to the low precision of the tools used to predict the prognosis of this disease. Objective: To identify the predictors associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Methods: Relevant articles from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, andWeb of Science were searched as of April 5, 2020. The quality of the included papers was appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). Data of interest were collected and evaluated for their compatibility for the meta-analysis. Cumulative calculations to determine the correlation and effect estimates were performed using the Z test. Results: In total, 19 papers recording 1,934 mild and 1,644 severe cases of COVID-19 were included. Based on the initial evaluation, 62 potential risk factors were identified for the meta-analysis. Several comorbidities, including chronic respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension were observed more frequent among patients with severe COVID-19 than with the mild ones. Compared to the mild form, severe COVID-19 was associated with symptoms such as dyspnea, anorexia, fatigue, increased respiratory rate, and high systolic blood pressure. Lower levels of lymphocytes and hemoglobin; elevated levels of leukocytes, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, high-sensitivity troponin, creatine kinase, highsensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, D-dimer, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, and procalcitonin; and a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate were also associated with severe COVID-19. Conclusion: More than 30 risk factors are associated with a higher risk of severe COVID-19. These may serve as useful baseline parameters in the development of prediction tools for COVID-19 prognosis.
KW - COVID-19
KW - SARS-CoV-2
KW - clinical outcome
KW - prognosis
KW - severity
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85108565640&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.12688/F1000RESEARCH.26186.2
DO - 10.12688/F1000RESEARCH.26186.2
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85108565640
SN - 2046-1402
VL - 9
SP - 1
EP - 26
JO - F1000Research
JF - F1000Research
ER -
