Patient with myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myelocytic leukemia at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya

Background: According to the World Health Organization, there are 250 cases of leukemia globally. The case fatality rate (CFR) is at 76%, for young/middle age, the CFR is 35-40%, and for age older than 60, it is 5-15%. The occurrence of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) is 3.5/100,000 people per year, with a higher occurrence in men than in women (4.3 vs. 2.9, at the age of 67 years old). The incident of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) mostly occurs in people over the age of 70 years old and tends to turn into AML. The objective of this case report is to know the number of leukemia cases, especially AML and MDS cases that are based on gender and age. Methods: These data were gathered from 228 leukemia patients from a total of 434 visits. Incomplete exclusions were applied to 47 people with the age range of 14-77 years old, while the remaining 181 people formed the complete sample. The diagnoses of AML and MDS are based on the morphology of blood smear cell and hematology analysis. Results: In Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, AML is found at 38.66% and MDS at 4.98% from 181 samples, with higher cases in women than men. Conclusion: In summary, patients with AML diagnosis were related to age; the highest risk of AML was found at the ages of 46-61 years (37.14%) from 70 people. There were four patients with an MDS diagnosis at the ages of 14-29 years, while there was only one older aged patient, aged 62-77 years old (11.1%), showing that the younger age group presents a higher risk. We hope future research will further observe new biomarkers to diagnose AML, MDS, and MDS-related AML.