TY - JOUR
T1 - Pathways from food consumption score to cardiovascular disease
T2 - A seven-year follow-up study of Indonesian adults
AU - Isaura, Emyr Reisha
AU - Chen, Yang Ching
AU - Yang, Shwu Huey
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was sponsored by Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP) as a part of the author’s thesis dissertation. Authors are also thankful for the assistance in statistical analyses processes from Hsien-Yu Fan of the Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
Funding Information:
Acknowledgments: This study was sponsored by Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP) as a part of the author’s thesis dissertation. Authors are also thankful for the assistance in statistical analyses processes from Hsien-Yu Fan of the Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2018/8
Y1 - 2018/8
N2 - Background: Available prospective studies of food insecurity and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have included obesity and hypertension as the modifiable risk factors. Studies using the physical activity measures are lacking, and where to contribute to counterbalance the risk associated with food insecurity and CVD remains unclear. We aimed to use structural equation modelling (SEM) to explore the complex direct and indirect factor variables influencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) during a seven-year follow-up study. Methods: For 3955 adults who participated in the Indonesian Family Life Surveys in 2007 and 2014, we used SEM to examine the direct and indirect relationships of food consumption score, body shape index, physical activity volume, and blood pressures on CVD. Results: Based on the beta coefficients from a regression analysis, the significant direct effects (p < 0.001) for CVD were food consumption score (FCS), a body shape index (ABSI), vigorous physical activity volume (VPAV), and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Indirect (p = 0.004–p < 0.001) effects for CVD were FCS, ABSI, moderate physical activity volume (MPAV), and VPAV. Food-insecure people are more likely to consume high-calorie diets that lead to obesity, which, together with a lack of vigorous physical activity, leads to hypertension and CVD. Conclusions: Of the multiple factors influencing CVD, the modifiable risk factors were FCS, ABSI, and VPAV. Hence, the recommendations for CVD prevention should include targeting food insecurity, body shape index, and vigorous physical activity besides the measurement of blood pressure.
AB - Background: Available prospective studies of food insecurity and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have included obesity and hypertension as the modifiable risk factors. Studies using the physical activity measures are lacking, and where to contribute to counterbalance the risk associated with food insecurity and CVD remains unclear. We aimed to use structural equation modelling (SEM) to explore the complex direct and indirect factor variables influencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) during a seven-year follow-up study. Methods: For 3955 adults who participated in the Indonesian Family Life Surveys in 2007 and 2014, we used SEM to examine the direct and indirect relationships of food consumption score, body shape index, physical activity volume, and blood pressures on CVD. Results: Based on the beta coefficients from a regression analysis, the significant direct effects (p < 0.001) for CVD were food consumption score (FCS), a body shape index (ABSI), vigorous physical activity volume (VPAV), and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Indirect (p = 0.004–p < 0.001) effects for CVD were FCS, ABSI, moderate physical activity volume (MPAV), and VPAV. Food-insecure people are more likely to consume high-calorie diets that lead to obesity, which, together with a lack of vigorous physical activity, leads to hypertension and CVD. Conclusions: Of the multiple factors influencing CVD, the modifiable risk factors were FCS, ABSI, and VPAV. Hence, the recommendations for CVD prevention should include targeting food insecurity, body shape index, and vigorous physical activity besides the measurement of blood pressure.
KW - Blood pressures
KW - Body shape index
KW - Cardiovascular disease
KW - Food consumption score
KW - Generalised estimating equations
KW - Physical activity
KW - Structural equation modelling
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85050668569&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/ijerph15081567
DO - 10.3390/ijerph15081567
M3 - Article
C2 - 30042353
AN - SCOPUS:85050668569
SN - 1661-7827
VL - 15
JO - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
IS - 8
M1 - 1567
ER -