MXene-Based Photocatalysts and Electrocatalysts for CO₂ Conversion to Chemicals

The interest in CO₂ conversion to value-added chemicals and fuels has increased in recent years as part of strategic efforts to mitigate and use the excessive CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere. Much attention has been given to developing two-dimensional catalytic materials with high-efficiency CO₂ adsorption capability and conversion yield. While several candidates are being investigated, MXenes stand out as one of the most promising catalysts and co-catalysts for CO₂ reduction, given their excellent surface functionalities, unique layered structures, high surface areas, rich active sites, and high chemical stability. This review aims to highlight research progress and recent developments in the application of MXene-based catalysts for CO₂ conversion to value-added chemicals, paying special attention to photoreduction and electroreduction. Furthermore, the underlying photocatalytic and electrocatalytic CO₂ conversion mechanisms are discussed. Finally, we provide an outlook for future research in this field, including photoelectrocatalysis and photothermal CO₂ reduction.