Insights from dental resilience and artificial intelligence for sex determination: literature review

Sex determination is crucial in forensic investigations, with skeletal bones traditionally utilized for this purpose. However, dental remains have emerged as invaluable sources of information in cases where skeletal elements are lacking. Recent advancements in AI have opened new possibilities for refining sex-determination techniques in forensic odontology. This literature review explores studies employing AI techniques, such as machine learning and deep learning algorithms, for sex determination based on dental characteristics. Studies discussed in this review encompass various dental features, including canine and molar teeth, analyzed through the AI approaches. In addition, the utilization of maxillofacial structures for sex determination was explored. Furthermore, advancements in AI technology have enabled automated approaches for sex determination, offering high accuracy and efficiency. Studies employing convolutional neural networks (CNN) and hybrid deep learning (DL) models have shown promising results in sex estimation from radiographic images, such as orthopantomograms and CBCT.