How does apoptosis of oocytes and granulosa cells due to cigarette smoke exposure to mice Balb/C? Expression SMAD3, GDF9, apoptosis

Cigarette smoke contains harmful toxins for body, including nicotine, tar, and carbon dioxide gas which are carcinogens. This content is harmful for health of active and passive smokers, including disturbances in the reproductive system, hormone secretion disorders, and impotence. There are still no studies yet that explain the effect of cigarette smoke on female reproduction in the ovaries, namely granulosa cells and oocytes. to explain the effect of cigarette smoke on damage to oocytes and granulosa cells in follicles of ovaries in balb/c mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Results showed that the statistical test Mann Whitney of cigarette smoke increased the apoptotic index of granulosa cells (p-value 0.000 <0.05), and the results of the Independent T-Test statistical test showed that exposure to cigarette smoke decreased Smad 3 expression in granulosa cells (p 0.000 <0.05) in cigarette smoke and significantly lowered Smad 3 expression (p: 0.000) and also cigarette smoke significantly decreased GDF 9 expression (p: 0.000). Cigarette smoke did not affect the levels of the oocyte apoptosis index (p: 1).