TY - JOUR
T1 - Heavy metal contamination in Sungai Petani, Malaysia
T2 - a wastewater-based epidemiology study
AU - Ruzi, Iqbal Iman
AU - Ishak, Ahmad Razali
AU - Abdullah, Muhamad Azwat
AU - Zain, Nur Nadhirah Mohamad
AU - Tualeka, Abdul Rohim
AU - Adriyani, Retno
AU - Mohamed, Rafeezul
AU - Edinur, Hisham Atan
AU - Aziz, Mohd Yusmaidie
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Authors.
PY - 2024/6/1
Y1 - 2024/6/1
N2 - The aim of this study was to investigate the use of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to estimate heavy metal exposure in Sungai Petani, Malaysia. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to detect copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and cadmium (Cd) in wastewater from eight sewage treatment facilities in Sungai Petani in January 2022. The heavy metal concentrations were measured in both influent and effluent, and the mean concentrations in the wastewater were found to be in the following order: Fe . Ni . Zn . Cd . Cu, with a 100% detection frequency. The results of WBE estimation showed that Fe, Ni, and Zn had the highest estimated per population exposure levels, while Cd had the lowest. Compared to a similar study conducted in Penang, Malaysia, all metals except Cu were found to have higher concentrations in Sungai Petani, even though it is a non-industrial district. These findings highlight the importance of addressing heavy metal contamination in Sungai Petani and implementing effective risk management and prevention strategies.
AB - The aim of this study was to investigate the use of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to estimate heavy metal exposure in Sungai Petani, Malaysia. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to detect copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and cadmium (Cd) in wastewater from eight sewage treatment facilities in Sungai Petani in January 2022. The heavy metal concentrations were measured in both influent and effluent, and the mean concentrations in the wastewater were found to be in the following order: Fe . Ni . Zn . Cd . Cu, with a 100% detection frequency. The results of WBE estimation showed that Fe, Ni, and Zn had the highest estimated per population exposure levels, while Cd had the lowest. Compared to a similar study conducted in Penang, Malaysia, all metals except Cu were found to have higher concentrations in Sungai Petani, even though it is a non-industrial district. These findings highlight the importance of addressing heavy metal contamination in Sungai Petani and implementing effective risk management and prevention strategies.
KW - heavy metals
KW - toxicology
KW - wastewater
KW - wastewater-based epidemiology
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85197128748&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.2166/wh.2024.241
DO - 10.2166/wh.2024.241
M3 - Article
C2 - 38935448
AN - SCOPUS:85197128748
SN - 1477-8920
VL - 22
SP - 953
EP - 966
JO - Journal of Water and Health
JF - Journal of Water and Health
IS - 6
ER -
