Health Impacts of Cr Contamination in Soil

Chromium (Cr) has been widely used for many purposes and products. The elevation of Cr concentration in the environment is mainly related to anthropogenic sources. From a long time ago, chromium trivalent was known as an essential element but in a recent study, chromium can be only acknowledged as a pharmacologically active substance and not an essential substance/element. Under particular conditions, chromium may be oxidized to Cr(III) or Cr(VI) and vice versa. Increased soil Cr content may be hazardous to terrestrial organisms and humans. Chromium is included as a top-priority chemical substance because it may cause toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on humans. Humans can expose to Cr via direct dermal contact, ingestion of food or accidental ingestion of soil, and inhalation of particulate in the air. Plants exposed to Cr may experience negative impacts on growth, development, and photosynthesis. The excessive deposition of Cr in soil has caused growth retardation and germination issues in a number of food crops, which has significant implications for the food supply chain and raises the probability of serious health effects on humans and animals. Epidemiologic studies have linked chronic and acute dietary Cr exposures with several adverse health effects and symptoms like lung cancer, skin lesions, neurological diseases, and problems in reproductive system. Advanced research strategies and technologies to reduce Cr contamination in the environment and diminish human health risks are needed.