First report of three multivalvulid species (Cnidaria: Myxozoa: Myxosporea) in commercial fishes from Java Sea, Indonesia, with records of Unicapsula pyramidata and two new Kudoa spp.

Commercial marine fishes caught locally in East Java, Indonesia, were examined for multivalvulid myxosporeans (Cnidaria: Myxozoa: Myxosporea). Plasmodia of Unicapsula pyramidata were detected in the trunk muscle of two fork-tailed threadfin breams (Nemipterus furcosus). Genetic comparisons of this sample to those collected in the Australian Coral Sea and South China Sea showed few nucleotide substitutions in the small subunit and large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) with the species isolated in the Australian Coral Sea and South China Sea. Pseudocysts of two new Kudoa spp. with four shell valves and polar capsules were found in the trunk muscle of two shrimp scads Alepes djedaba and two flathead grey mullets Mugil cephalus. Kudoa javaensis n. sp. myxospores isolated from the shrimp scad were 5.1–7.2 (mean 6.2) μm thick, 6.2–7.9 (7.3) μm wide, and 4.6–6.3 (5.4) μm long, with polar capsules 1.9–2.5 (2.2) μm long and 1.1–1.4 (1.3) μm wide (n = 15). Kudoa surabayaensis n. sp. myxospores isolated from the flathead grey mullet were 5.8–6.7 (6.3) μm thick, 6.4–7.6 (6.9) μm wide, and 4.6–5.0 (4.7) μm long, with polar capsules 1.8–2.4 (2.1) μm long and 0.9–1.3 (1.1) μm wide (n = 25). These two Kudoa spp. showed critical differences in spore shapes (semiquadrate with unequal shell valves vs. equal shell valves), and absence vs. presence of uplifted shell valve termini. Nucleotide sequencing of rDNA supported the morphological differentiation of these two species. Furthermore, these two isolates were morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from any recorded Kudoa spp.