Expression of M1 and M2 protein around incision wound area during wound healing process on mice model for diabetes mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a health condition marked by disruptions in carbohydrates, proteins, and fats metabolism. These disruptions arise from either insufficient insulin production or decreased sensitivity to insulin. The DM prevalence is on a steep rise and it causes significant metabolic problems with the risk of seriouss complications. In Indonesia, DM is considered as a major health problem with a prevalence rate of 6.2% and is one of the main causes of death. DM poses a risk to the efficient healing of wounds, so that wounds do not heal optimally and require a longer healing time. Macrophages are typically categorized into two primary groups: classically activated macrophages, referred to as M1, and alternatively activated macrophages, denoted as M2. The process of wound healing is hindered when macrophages fail to transition from the M1 to the M2 phenotype. The sustained presence of M1 during wound healing in diabetics causes impaired angiogenesis and decreased collagen levels. M2 macrophages demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties and play a role in facilitating angiogenesis and collagen deposition, thereby expediting the process of wound healing. Surgical patients with DM are at increased risk for elevated susceptibility to overall morbidity and mortality, extended hospital stays, delayed wound healing, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, incidences of myocardial infarction, and respiratory infections.