Evaluating the Antibacterial Potency of Phyllanthus niruri L. Leaf Extract Against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis are key pathogens involved in peri-implantitis, a major cause of dental implant failure. The rise of antibiotic resistance necessitates the exploration of alternative treatments. Phyllanthus niruri L. is a medicinal plant known for its potential antibacterial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Phyllanthus niruri L. leaf extract by determining its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The phytochemical composition of Phyllanthus niruri L. leaf extract was analyzed, and its antibacterial activity was assessed using serial dilution methods on agar media. Colony-forming units (CFU) were counted to determine MIC and MBC values. Statistical analyses, including Shapiro-Wilk, Bartlett, and Tukey HSD tests, were performed to validate the results. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins/phenols, and triterpenoids, with the absence of saponins. The MIC for both Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis was determined to be 6.25%, where bacterial growth was reduced by 63%. The MBC was established at 12.5%, at which no bacterial growth was observed. Statistical tests confirmed the significance of these findings (p < 0.05). Phyllanthus niruri L. leaf extract demonstrates significant antibacterial activity against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, with potential application as a natural alternative in the treatment of peri-implantitis. Further research is recommended to explore its clinical efficacy and possible synergistic effects with conventional therapies.