Coronal tooth discoloration due to the application of calcium hydroxide and propolis extract combination

Tooth discoloration is a concern in aesthetic dentistry and can be influenced by pulp-capping materials. Calcium hydroxide is widely used due to its biological properties, but it has limitations such as poor sealing ability and long-term solubility. Propolis, a natural compound rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids, offers anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial benefits; however, its dark color raises concerns about potential discoloration. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of combining calcium hydroxide with propolis extract on coronal tooth discoloration. An in vitro experimental study was conducted using bovine incisors treated with either calcium hydroxide alone or a calcium hydroxide–propolis mixture. The samples were restored with glass ionomer cement, and color changes were assessed using standardized photography and the CIELab color system on days 7 and 28. The calcium hydroxide group showed significant discoloration on days 7 and 28 (p=0.001). A statistically significant difference was observed between groups on day 28 (p=0.003), but not on day 7 (p=0.149). Although discoloration increased over time, ΔE values suggested the changes may not be clinically noticeable in the short term. In conclusion, combining calcium hydroxide with propolis extract led to delayed tooth discoloration. While the biological benefits of propolis are promising, its potential aesthetic drawbacks—particularly in anterior teeth—should be considered when selecting pulp-capping materials. Further research is needed to evaluate long-term effects on tooth color.