Comparison between cancellous and cortical demineralized bone matrix in terms of porousity, cytotoxicity, and residual calcium: Experimental study using bovine bone

Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) has osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties but lacks osteogenic capacity due to processing. Its effectiveness varies by storage, demineralization, cleaning, sterilization, and donor. No research has compared cortical and cancellous DBM components. A study comparing the characteristics of cancellous DBM to cortical DBM based on effectiveness and safety is needed. This experimental study examines differences in residual calcium, toxicity, and porosity between cancellous and cortical DBM. Data were collected from adult Bos sondaicus femurs. Porosity was analyzed using SEM, cytotoxicity with MTT and ELISA assays, and residual calcium with titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods. Porosity comparison data were divided into two measurement variables. The average pore size had a p-value of 0.798, indicating no significant difference between cancellous and cortical bone. The percentage porosity variable had a p-value of 0.382, also indicating no significant difference. The residual calcium variable had a p-value of 0.021, indicating a significant difference. Toxicity was measured in two ways: optical density with the MTT assay had a p-value of 0.000, and the number of viable cells had a p-value of 0.001, both indicating significant differences. Cortical and cancellous DBM provide similar structural environments for bone regeneration. However, cancellous DBM had lower residual calcium levels and less cytotoxicity compared to cortical DBM. These findings suggest that cancellous DBM may offer superior osteoinductive properties and lower toxicity, making it a better choice for bone grafting procedures.