Chitosan scaffold, concentrated growth factor and gingival mesenchymal stem cells as the osteoporotic jawbone therapy: A review

Osteoporosis affects the oral and maxillofacial parts which can cause an osteoporotic jawbone (OJB). Osteoporosis therapy can be through both surgical and non-surgical approaches. One of the effective and optimal alternative therapies needed for OJB therapy is, for example, the regenerative therapy. The concept of regenerative therapies involving the triad of tissue engineering such as cells, growth factors and biomaterials can be applied in OJB therapy by combining the injectable chitosan scaffold (ICS) as a biomaterial scaffold, concentrated growth factor (CGF) as a growth factor, and gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) as medicinal signaling cells. The purpose of this review was to describe the future prospect of ICS, CGF, and GMSCs as regenerative osteoporotic jaw bone therapy. ICS is biocompatible and biodegradable and easy to apply. It has the osteoinductive, osteoconductive, and osteotemplate properties. While, GMSCs are chosen compared to other MSCs because they are easily available and proliferate faster than Bone Marrow-derived Stem Cells (BMSC) and Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs). Besides, CGF is picked because, it has more fibrin and growth factors (GF) than Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) and Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP). The combination of ICS, CGF and GMSC has the potential and promising therapy in treating OJB.