An immunohistochemical study of Saussurea lappa nanoparticle on transformed cells in mice induced with benzo[a]pyrene for oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background Saussurea lappa , a plant used in traditional medicine, has shown promise in cancer treatment This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Saussurea lappa nanoparticles using immunohistochemical analysis in a benzo[ a ]pyrene-induced mouse model of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The investigation focused on the expression of markers related to apoptosis (Bax, Caspase-3, BCL-2), inflammation (TNF-α), proliferation (Ki-67), and tumor suppression (p53). Methods A true experimental design was employed using male Mus musculus mice. OSCC was induced via exposure to benzo[ a ]pyrene. Following induction, mice were treated perorally with Saussurea lappa nanoparticles at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight, while the control group received CMC-Na. Buccal mucosa samples were collected for immunohistochemical analysis, assessing dose-dependent effects of Saussurea lappa nanoparticles on the expression of Bax, Caspase-3, BCL-2, TNF-α, Ki-67 and p53. Result Saussurea lappa nanoparticles demonstrated dose-dependent therapeutic effects in the OSCC mouse model. They significantly upregulated Bax, Caspase-3, TNF-α, and p53, while downregulating BCL-2 and Ki-67expression. The highest dose (200 mg/kg) showed the most pronounced effects, indicating enhanced apoptosis, reduced proliferation, and modulation of the inflammatory environment. Conclusion These findings suggest that Saussurea lappa nanoparticles, particularly at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW, effectively promote apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation, and suppress anti-apoptotic pathways. This highlights their potential as a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of oral mucosal malignancies.