A Scoping Review on The effectiveness of Bone Regeration Procedures using Bovine Bone Block Grafts: A Summary of 20 Years of Research Experience

As a practical and safe substitute for autologous transplants, xenografts and alloplastic bone substitutes are available. Numerous research projects conducted at numerous research centers in various parts of the world have investigated the efficacy of these products.The purpose of the investigation is to determine whether bovine bone blocks are efficient as regenerative bone replacement treatments, specifically whether they are effective in both in vivo and in vitro tests as bone substitutes. A total of 235 publications were found through an electronic search of the Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. Evaluation of complications at the implant site is low (n=13) with only one study showing 8.9% implant failure, 30% unhealthy implant (n=4) and a complication rate of 12.5% with the most common complications being dehiscence, bruising and oedema (n=3). The most commonly used parameter in most studies was vertical bone gain (n=26), with a mean VBG of 4.5mm and new bone formation (n=11), with a mean NFB of 14.5%, indicating adequate integration between graft and host bone. The resorption rate (n=6) was found to be 22% on average or approximately 2.7mm over a 4 month to 3 year observation period. Bovine blocks can serve as a useful bone graft substitute in regenerative surgery and are improved by the addition of BMP-2, PDGF and collagen membrane.