A review of bacterial zoonoses and antimicrobial resistant (AMR) on grouper fish (epinepholus sp.)

Grouper fish (Epinepholus sp.) is the most important commercial marine culture fish species with high market value and good protein. Although it has high economic value, grouper fish also has the potential to be the target of several zoonotic bacterial agents, including Streptococcus iniae, A. hydrophila and Vibrio vulnificus. Zoonosis is a disease that can be transmitted naturally between vertebrates and humans. Indirect transmission can occur through contact with the environment around the fish. Grouper fish can also be a source of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) transmission. It is necessary to think about controlling infectious diseases in fish without using antibiotics. High antibiotic use can lead to increased antibiotic resistance. It is hoped that this review will raise our awareness of the potential bacterial zoonoses and AMR of high value grouper fish. Therefore, it is hoped that the consumption of grouper fish will not cause public health problems.